Micromechanical model of shape memory polymer including temperature-strain history dependence oleh Yuta NIWA, Tadashige IKEDA, Atsuhiko SENBA

"…This model consisted of a lot of unit elements having four springs, two dash pots, one latch, and one thermal expansion element. …"
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Taxonomic and functional characteristics of microbial communities and their correlation with physicochemical properties of four geothermal springs in Odisha, India oleh Subrata K Das, Jhasketan eBadhai, Tarini Shankar Ghosh

"…Despite the observed high taxonomic diversity, there were only little variations in the overall functional profiles of the microbial communities in the four springs. Genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and carbon fixation were the most abundant functional class of genes present in these hot springs. …"
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Ichthyoplankton assemblage structure of springs in the Yangtze Estuary revealed by biological and environmental visions oleh Hui Zhang, Weiwei Xian, Shude Liu

"…The ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in the Yangtze Estuary was analyzed based on four springs in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007 in order to provide detailed characterizations of the ichthyoplankton assemblage in springs, examine the long-term dynamics of spring ichthyoplankton assemblages, and evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution and inter-annual variations of ichthyoplankton assemblages associated with the Yangtze Estuary. …"
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Condition Monitoring of Railway Bridges Using Vehicle Pitch to Detect Scour oleh Claire McGeown, David Hester, Eugene J. OBrien, Chul-Woo Kim, Paul Fitzgerald, Vikram Pakrashi

"…The foundation support is represented by four springs under each pier, which can be replaced with springs of a reduced stiffness to mimic the effect of scour. …"
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Development of An Analytical Method for Design of Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Planar Magnetic Arrays oleh Mohsen Amjadian, Anil. K. Agrawal, Hani H. Nassif

"…The EMEH consists of two parallel planar arrays of 5 by 5 small cubic permanent magnets (PMs) that are firmly attached to a solid aluminum base plate, and a thick rectangular copper coil that is connected to the base plate through a set of four springs. The coil can move relative to the two magnetic arrays when the base plate is subjected to an external excitation caused by the vehicles passing over the bridge. …"
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A New Framework for the Management and Radiological Protection of Groundwater Resources: The Implementation of a Portuguese Action Plan for Radon in Drinking Water and Impacts on H... oleh Lisa Martins, Alcides Pereira, Alcino Oliveira, Luís F. Sanches Fernandes, Fernando A.L. Pacheco

"…The main conclusions show that in all springs sampled (n = 69) for the entire study area, there are only four springs that must have an immediate intervention, and 22 of them are above the limit imposed by the Portuguese legislation. …"
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Overview of the Chemical and Isotopic Investigations of the Mareza Springs and the Zeta River in Montenegro oleh Katarina Živković, Milan Radulović, Sonja Lojen, Mira Pucarević

"…Stable isotope compositions were used to analyze the origin of the four springs of the Mareza aquifer. Seasonal variations of <i>δ</i>¹⁸O and <i>δ</i>²H values and deuterium excess (d excess) changes in precipitation are explained by the mixing of air masses, such that a Mediterranean source prevails in the winter period, while in the summer period, the area is rather under the influence of air mass originating from the Atlantic Ocean. …"
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Using Isotopic and Hydrochemical Indicators to Identify Sources of Sulfate in Karst Groundwater of the Niangziguan Spring Field, China oleh Chunlei Tang, Hua Jin, Yongping Liang

"…In the groundwater of the Niangziguan spring field, the proportions of SO₄²⁻ derived from FeS₂ oxidation were 60.6% (N50, Chengxi spring), 30.3% (N51, Wulong spring), and 26.0% (N52, Four springs mixed with water). Acid mine drainage directly recharges and pollutes karst groundwater through faults or abandoned boreholes, or discharges to rivers, and indirectly pollutes karst groundwater through river infiltration in carbonate exposed areas. …"
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Looking for natural hydrogen in Albania and Kosova oleh Dan Lévy, Molly Boka-Mene, Avni Meshi, Islam Fejza, Thomas Guermont, Benoît Hauville, Nicolas Pelissier

"…A total of 21 sites, mainly consisting of natural springs, were studied, and nine were sampled for analyzing associated free gas and C and H isotopes of CH4 and H2 when possible. Four springs showed gas with H2 occurrence, one particularly reaching 16% of H2 in the north of Kosova in a location named Vuçe, which makes it the fifth gas seep most enriched in H2 in the Dinarides, after H2-rich gas seeps in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. …"
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Spring Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index in Shawre Valley- Sulaymaniyah-Iraqi Kurdistan Region oleh Sara A. Yasin, Alwan Q. Ahmed, Lanja O. Tahir, Rezan S. Ahmed

"…Water samples were collected from four springs (Daraban, Mam Xalan, Dolli Shawre, and Sarukani) and analyzed for seventeen physicochemical parameters including Turbidity, Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness, Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Total Alkalinity, Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Sulfate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-), Phosphate (PO43-), Dissolved oxygen (DO), and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) from October 2021 to February 2022. …"
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Wildfire Effects on Groundwater Quality from Springs Connected to Small Public Supply Systems in a Peri-Urban Forest Area (Braga Region, NW Portugal) oleh Catarina Mansilha, Armindo Melo, Zita E. Martins, Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira, Ana Maria Pereira, Jorge Espinha Marques

"…Groundwater samples were collected in four springs that emerged within burned forests, while control samples were from one spring located in an unburned area. …"
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DNA barcoding as a tool to monitor the diversity of endangered spring snails in an Austrian National Park oleh Hannah Schubert, Michael Duda, Anita Eschner, Erich Weigand, Luise Kruckenhauser

"…For Bythiospeum nocki, despite the ambitious collecting effort, only empty shells were found in four springs (including the locus typicus spring) in the Park and its surroundings. …"
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Isotopic Characterization of Precipitation, Inflow, and Outflow of Lake Toba as a First Assessment of Lake Water Balance Study oleh P. Sidauruk, B. Pratikno, E. R. Pujiindiyati

"…Based on the equation of elevations versus dD values, the elevations of four springs around study area have been identified. …"
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Qualidade da água de nascentes com diferentes usos do solo na bacia hidrográfica do córrego rico, São Paulo, Brasil Water quality of springs with different land uses in córrego ric... oleh Nicole M. M. Donadio, João A. Galbiatti, Rinaldo C. de Paula

"…<br>With the objective of verify the remainders influence of ciliary vegetation and of the human action on the water quality, four springs were studied, with two springs on presence of remaining natural vegetation and two springs with agricultural activities predominance. …"
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Sowing depth stability analysis and test verification of no-tillage planter parallel 4-bar row unit oleh Jiajie Shang, Dongmei Liu, Xingtao Song, Yibin Han, Sitong He, Ying Zhang, Liyi Liu, Haitao Chen

"…Under the condition that four springs are installed and the tilt angle of PFPM is between (−20°–20°), the maximum SAD is 485.95 N, 1236.64 N, and 2258.05 N when the spring connection offset is 44 mm, 79 mm, and 115 mm, respectively. …"
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Transit Time index (TTi) as an adaptation of the humification index to illustrate transit time differences in karst hydrosystems: application to the karst springs of the Fontaine d... oleh L. Serène, C. Batiot-Guilhe, N. Mazzilli, C. Emblanch, M. Babic, J. Dupont, R. Simler, M. Blanc, G. Massonnat

"…Natural organic matter fluorescence from 289 groundwater samples from four springs and 10 flow points located in the unsaturated zone of the Vaucluse karst system is characterized by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) thanks to the excitation–emission matrix (EEM), thus (i) allowing for the identification of main fluorescent compounds of sampled groundwater and (ii) evidencing the inadequacy of HIX 2D emission windows to characterize groundwater organic matter. …"
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Investigating the effect of various stratigraphy on karst development and variability of karst springs discharges, Kermanshah Province oleh Zeinab Najafi, Golam Hosein Karami, Haji Karimi

"…This theme is well visible in the evaluation of the four springs of Ravansar, Kabotarlaneh, Darband, and Kashanbeh. …"
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Investigating the role of stratigraphy in recharge potential in Nekarood Basin oleh Narges Nabizadeh Chamazcoti, Gholam Hossein Karami, Azizollah Taheri, Ramazan Ramazani Omali

"…There are about 716 springs in this basin, of which four springs (Sanbi, Espeh O, Jezi and Kaocheshmeh) have a flow of more than 10 liters per second and are located in the Lar Formation in this basin. …"
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Impact of Cryogenic Treatment Process on the Performance of 51CrV4 Steel oleh Zhi Chen, Linwang Jing, Yuan Gao, Yao Huang, Jia Guo, Xianguo Yan

"…In this study, the response characteristics of 51CrV4 spring steel were taken to be its hardness, wear resistance, tensile strength, and impact toughness. …"
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Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China oleh Zongjun Gao, Jiutan Liu, Xingyong Xu, Qingbing Wang, Min Wang, Jianguo Feng, Tengfei Fu

"…Based on the data from four spring groups (2015–2018), the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water were analyzed and 14 parameters were selected to evaluate the quality of spring water. …"
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