THE ROMANIAN REVOLUTION OF DECEMBER 1989 oleh Ioan SCURTU

"…Meanwhile, the Romanian revolution proceeded radica lly, without passing through a phase of glasnosti and perestroika (reforms initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev).…"
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One Europe or None oleh Richard Sakwa

"…Instead of the geopolitical and ideological diversity sought by Mikhail Gorbachev as he brought the Cold War to an end in the late 1980s, a type of monist cold peace was imposed in which Atlantic security institutions and ideas were consolidated. …"
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Les ambivalences ouest-allemandes face à la question yougoslave de l’Ostpolitik à l’unification oleh Julien THOREL

"…The author identifies three phases in the evolution of German foreign policy towards Yugoslavia between 1974 and 1989, separated by two leading events: the death of Marshal Tito in 1980 and Mikhail Gorbachev coming to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. …"
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De la restructurarea URSS la independența RSSM (1985-1991) oleh Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ

"…In this paper the author presents the relations between the reforms undertook by Mikhail Gorbachev (”Glasnost” and ”Perestroika”) and the emergence of a political opposition from within the Moldavian civil society against the Communist Party that ruled this peripheral Soviet Republic. …"
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U kresu zimnej wojny- brytyjska ocena relacji z ZSRR i państwami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w 1988 roku. oleh Paweł Leszczyński

"…The foreign policy of the United Kingdom towards the states of Central and Eastern Europe at that time was shaped by several important factors; for example: the geopolitical position, the alliance with the USA, the other NATO member-states and the remaining capitalist countries, the reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev (especially the socalled perestroika, glasnost and ‘New Thinking’) and their significance for international relations. …"
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Chestiunea familiei în RSSM în contextul Perestroikăi, 1985-1988 / The question of family policy in the Moldavian SSR in the context of Perestroika (1985-1988) oleh Diana Caşu

"…The Perestroika that has been launched by Mikhail Gorbachev in mid-1985 was a very ambitious program of further modernization of the Soviet Union aimed at solving the many problems of Soviet society. …"
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Alexandru Marghiloman and the Union of Bessarabia with Romania: historiographical aspects oleh Anatol PETRENCU

"…The interest for the great event of March 27, 1918 in Bessarabia appears in the years of Restructuring promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev and especially after the proclamation of the State Independence of the Republic of Moldova. …"
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A última reforma da educação Soviética oleh Marisa Bittar, Amarilio Ferreira Junior

"…Ela entrou em vigência um ano antes de o governo de Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) colocar em execução a sua reforma econômica (perestroika) e política (glasnost) nos âmbitos do Estado e da sociedade soviéticas. …"
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Sobre a história da política externa da Rússia: o “paradigma” de Primakov oleh Alexander Zhebit

"…RESUMO Baseada na leitura das obras publicadas do antigo chanceler e primeiro-ministro russo Evguêni Primakov, com destaque na sua atuação nos governos de Mikhail Gorbachev e Boris Yeltsin, o artigo debruça-se sobre alguns vetores fundamentais da política externa russa nas relações internacionais, marcadas atualmente pela crise político-diplomática no relacionamento entre a Rússia e os Estados Unidos e seus aliados. …"
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Sad delusions: The decline and rise of Greater Europe oleh Richard Sakwa

"…The end of the Cold War was accompanied by the idea that the fall of the Berlin Wall represented the beginning of the unification of Europe. Mikhail Gorbachev talked in terms of a “Common European Home,” an idea that continues in the guise of the project for a “Greater Europe.” …"
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Personnel Changes in the Chinese Direction of Soviet Foreign Policy in 1986 oleh Li Yinan

"…The subject of the study is the personnel changes carried out by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986 in the framework of putting forward the improvement of Sino-Soviet relations. …"
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Thirty Years from the End of the USSR oleh C. C. Gourdon

"…The article contains a brief retrospective assessment of the reasons given by various scholars and observers for the breakdown of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership and it situates that crisis in the larger context of history and the imperial legacy of the Russian state. …"
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China and Russian Federation: Policy From 1991 to 1999 oleh Mieczysław Sprengel

"…These processes have also affected Russia and China. In 1990– 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev was the only president of the Soviet Union and author of the perestroika, which is a major change in present-day Russia. …"
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The post-Soviet break in economic ties between Russia and Africa: causes and consequences oleh M. M. Mahamat

"…After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the initiative of Mikhail Gorbachev, Africa really became a “non-subject” for diplomats and military personnel stationed in the region, and some economic actors witnessed Moscow’s first initiatives. …"
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Soviet-Cuban relations after the Caribbean crisis, the collapse of détente and lessons for the future oleh B. F. Martynov

"…The weakening of the ideological foundations of “real socialism” was an additional factor that prompted the Soviet leadership, represented by Mikhail Gorbachev, to begin a policy of perestroika. Cuba’s ‘progress’ in Africa contributed to consolidation of Cuban society around the policy of the Cuban Communist Party, which, in turn, helped it to withstand the difficulties of the “peculiar period of peace” in the early 1990s.…"
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Pieriestrojka znaczy smuta? O mentalno-społecznym kontekście sposobu pojmowania przez Rosjan gorbaczowowskich przemian oleh Marian Broda

"…If in the West perestroika and its initiator, Mikhail Gorbachev evoke, almost involuntarily, mostly warm and positive connotations, Russians’ attitude and assessment towards them are, more and more explicitly and unequivocally, strongly negative. …"
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Chinese Reaction and Interpretation of 1991 Events in the Soviet Union oleh I. Y. Zuenko

"…The analysis of the most impactful of these works shows a wide range of views regarding certain aspects (fi rst of all, the role of reforms in the fi nal dissolution of the state) and consensus regarding other aspects (negative role of Mikhail Gorbachev, labelling the dissolution of the USSR and the Communist Party as a ‘catastrophe’). …"
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Gorbachev’s ‘Common European Home’ and its relevance for Russian foreign policy today oleh Tom Casier

"…At the end of the 1980s the Soviet Union’s last leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, launched the idea of a ‘Common European Home’. …"
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Polska wobec emancypacji politycznej Łotwy i Estonii w latach 1989‑1991 oleh Agnieszka Małgorzata Kastory

"…Both countries took advantage of the freedoms gained as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev’s political reforms, and obtained international support for their independence aspirations. …"
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Cultural Leadership and Entrepreneurship As Antecedents of Estonia’s Singing Revolution and Post-Communist Success oleh Nicoara Olga

"…The revived legacy of ancient shared beliefs, folkloric practices, and singing tradition represented the necessary social capital for the Estonian people to voice collectively shared preferences for political and economic governance during a window of constitutional opportunity. Mikhail Gorbachev’s Glasnost, a policy aimed to improve Soviet formal institutions by fostering freedom of speech and political transparency, also provided a context propitious for the Singing Revolution because it lowered the perceived costs of participation in the rebellious singing and opened a window of opportunity for political change.…"
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