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Marine heatwave (MHW) events have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and human society. This paper investigates a MHW’s spatial–temporal characteristics in the Changjiang River Estuary and its surrounding coastal regions (CRESs), as well as analyzes the drivers, using satellite and reanalysis data spanning from 1982–2021. The findings show that, during the last 40 years, all four of the MHW indicators have increased. The summer MHW is more severe than other seasons, showing a rising pattern from southeast to northwest. The rise of MHWs can be attributed to the increase in sea surface heat flux, weak wind speed, and powerful El Niño events. Additionally, two special MHW events were detected during the entire study period: Event A lasted for 191 days from 9 October 2006 to 17 April 2007; Event B had an average intensity of 4.93 °C from 5 July 1994 to 1 August 1994. For locations so close to each other, the characteristics of MHWs can also vary, and the mechanisms behind them are highly complex.