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Carbocatalysts doped with heteroatoms such as nitrogen or sulphur have been reported to be useful in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutant removal. However, there is limited research on the effect of doping with phosphorus atoms on degradation performance. In this work, a new nitrogen and phosphorus-doped carbocatalyst (N, P-HC) was designed using hydrothermal carbonization followed by pyrolysis at 700 °C, with olive pomace as a carbon source, to degrade organic pollutants in the presence of peroxydisulfate (PDS). Experimental results showed that N, P-HC, with its large specific surface area (871.73 m2.g−1), high content of N-pyridinic and N-pyrrolic groups, and the presence of P-O-C and O-P-C bonds, exhibited high degradation performance (98% degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in 40 min, with an apparent rate constant (kapp) of 0.055 min−1 and an excellent turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.275 min−1). Quenching study and EPR analysis revealed that singlet oxygen generation (1O2) and direct electron transfer were the main reaction pathways for the non-radical pathway in the degradation of RhB. The improved catalytic efficiency in the N, P-HC/PDS/RhB system can be attributed to the synergistic effect between N and P atoms in the graphitic structure of the carbocatalyst, its high surface area, and the presence of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of the N, P-HC. The used N, P-HC carbocatalyst can also be efficiently recovered by heat treatment at 500 °C. Overall, this study presents a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing a high-performance N, P co-doped olive pomace-based carbocatalyst for water decontamination through PS-AOPs processes.