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The location-routing-inventory problem (LRIP) is essential to cold chain logistics (CCL). To solve the problem, this paper proposes an integrated LRIP model considering the carbon transaction mechanism, which simultaneously optimizes the costs associated with location, transportation, inventory, and carbon transaction. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was improved to solve the model. Simulation shows that the improved NSGA-II can effectively reduce carbon emissions of enterprises in the context of carbon transaction. The research offers a solution for reducing total costs in the light of the environmental factors in CCL.