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The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and evaluate the biological capabilities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves and stems of wild <i>Aeschynomene indica</i> L. plants by the hydrodistillation method. By using GC-FID/MS, fifty-six and fifty-five compounds, representing 95.1 and 97.6% of the essential oils in the leaves and stems, respectively, were characterized. The predominant constituents of <i>A. indica</i> EOs were (<i>E</i>)-caryophyllene, linalool, viridiflorol, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, trans-verbenol, and α-guaiene. The antibacterial and synergistic activities of the EOs were assessed by microdilution and checkerboard assays. The results revealed a potent inhibition and bactericidal activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> with MICs of 0.312–0.625 mg/mL. When combined with traditional antibiotics, the essential oils of <i>A. indica</i> possessed excellent synergistic effects against all tested bacteria. Additionally, the EOs of <i>A. indica</i> leaves showed higher antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL) compared to the stem oil (IC₅₀ = 0.19 ± 0.01 µg/mL) using the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of EOs against human cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF-7, A-549, and HCT-116 was examined, and MTT assays showed that the EOs possessed a significant cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with IC₅₀ values of 10.04 ± 1.82 and 15.89 ± 1.66 μg/mL, and a moderate cytotoxic activity against other tested cells. In conclusion, the <i>A. indica</i> EOs could be considered a potential source of pharmacologically active compounds.