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The chapter defines global public health and the common good. At the core of any reflection regarding global public health is the profound conviction, tested by everyone’s experience, that health is a good, both for human beings and the whole planet. Moreover, health is a shared, common good that concerns anyone. However, health is a fragile and vulnerable good that demands care by examining who lacks health, by asking why people are not healthy, by investigating what affects their well-being and flourishing, and by implementing what aims at restoring health as much as possible for populations and the whole humankind. By engaging both individuals and groups, the common good fosters health and aims at the ultimate realization of individual and communal capacities and flourishing in the social context. The chapter ends with an overview of the volume and of each of its chapters.