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Immune checkpoint inhibitor(ICI) is a potential treatment for MDS by inhibiting the escape of tumor cells and enhancing immune responses. This article reviewed the efficacy and adverse events of clinical trials focusing on PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors on MDS patients. Although the efficacy of single-agent ICI therapy was limited, it may have a synergistic effect with hypomethylation agent (HMA), which could be a choice for patients who fail to respond to HMA treatment. Immune-related adverse events(irAE) were observed, but most can be reversed by steroids.