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Background and Aim: X-ray and gamma-ray are part of the electromagnetic waves that can penetrate into living tissues, ionizing radiation can lead to abnormal function. Despite radiology students could be exposed to ionization radiation during received training,   their radiation dose has not evaluated. The purpose of this study was to compare the blood factors and thyroid hormones in  the senior and freshman radiology students Materials and Methods: case-control study was performed in May-July 2018. the sample size has consisted of   60 freshman and senior radiology students (30 freshman and 30 senior radiology students) who were healthy and have not has blood diseases. Eventually, The blood factors of students were analyzed in the laboratory. Results: measuring blood factors such as white blood cell, erythrocyte, basophil, neutrophil, platelet, hemoglobin but the mean basophil, lymphocyte, T4, and TSH  showed that  Ionizing radiation causes significant changes in basophil, lymphocytes, and thyroid hormones (T4 and TSH ) in two groups of students, but there was no significant difference in others blood factors between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Ionizing radiation caused changes in some blood factors ( basophil, lymphocytes, and thyroid hormones (T4 and TSH ) ) .therefore,  the survey of radiology division and raising safety and awareness of student is recommended.