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Invertases and their inhibitors play important roles in sucrose metabolism, growth and development, signal transduction, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in many plant species. However, in cucumber, both the gene members and functions of invertase and its inhibitor families remain largely unclear. In this study, in comparison with the orthologues of <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> (watermelon), <i>Cucumis melo</i> (melon), and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (Arabidopsis), 12 invertase genes and 12 invertase inhibitor genes were identified from the genome of <i>Cucumis sativus</i> (cucumber). Among them, the 12 invertase genes were classified as 4 cell wall invertases, 6 cytoplasmic invertases, and 2 vacuolar invertases. Most invertase genes were conserved in cucumber, melon, and watermelon, with several duplicate genes in melon and watermelon. Transcriptome analysis distinguished these genes into various expression patterns, which included genes <i>CsaV3_2G025540</i> and <i>CsaV3_2G007220</i>, which were significantly expressed in different tissues, organs, and development stages, and genes <i>CsaV3_7G034730</i> and <i>CsaV3_5G005910</i>, which might be involved in biotic and abiotic stress. Six genes were further validated in cucumber based on quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR), and three of them showed consistent expression patterns as revealed in the transcriptome. These results provide important information for further studies on the physiological functions of cucumber invertases (<i>CSINVs</i>) and their inhibitors (<i>CSINHs</i>).