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The mathematical model of heating process for a friction system made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was proposed. For this purpose, the boundary-value problem of heat conduction was formulated for two semi-spaces under uniform sliding taking into consideration heating due to friction. Assuming an exponential change in thermal conductivities of the materials, the exact, as well as asymptotic (for small values of time), solutions to this problem were obtained. A numerical analysis was performed for two elements made of ZrO₂–Ti-6Al-4V and Al₃O₂–TiC composites. The influence of the gradient parameters of both materials on the evolution and spatial distributions of the temperature were investigated. The temperatures of the elements made of FGMs were compared with the temperatures found for the homogeneous ceramic materials.