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<p>Ozone is a potent air pollutant in the lower troposphere and an important short-lived climate forcer (SLCF) in the upper troposphere. Studies investigating long-term trends in the tropospheric column ozone (TCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>) have shown large-scale spatio-temporal inconsistencies. Here, we investigate the long-term trends in lower-tropospheric column ozone (LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>, surface–450 hPa sub-column) by exploiting a synergy of satellite and ozonesonde data sets and an Earth system model (UK's Earth System Model, UKESM) over North America, Europe, and East Asia for the decade 2008–2017. Overall, we typically find small LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> linear trends with large uncertainty ranges using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), while model simulations indicate a stable LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> tendency. The satellite a priori data sets show negligible trends, indicating that any year-to-year changes in the spatio-temporal sampling of these satellite data sets over the period concerned have not artificially influenced their LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> temporal evolution. The application of the satellite averaging kernels (AKs) to the UKESM simulated ozone profiles, accounting for the satellite vertical sensitivity and allowing for like-for-like comparisons, has a limited impact on the modelled LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> tendency in most cases. While, in relative terms, this is more substantial (e.g. on the order of 100 %), the absolute magnitudes of the model trends show negligible change. However, as the model has a near-zero tendency, artificial trends were imposed on the model time series (i.e. LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> values rearranged from smallest to largest) to test the influence of the AKs, but simulated LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> trends remained small. Therefore, the LTCO<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> tendencies between 2008 and 2017 in northern-hemispheric regions are likely to be small, with large uncertainties, and it is difficult to detect any small underlying linear trends due to interannual variability or other factors which<span id="page9178"/> require further investigation (e.g. the radiative transfer scheme (RTS) used and/or the inputs (e.g. meteorological fields) used in the RTS).</p>