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This paper selects panel data from 31 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2018, establishes a benchmark panel regression model and introduces a dynamic panel model with hysteresis effects, which is aimed to study the impact of transportation infrastructure on the industrial structure. On a national scale, railways have a stronger driving effect than roads, and roads have an obvious driving effect on the secondary industry. From the perspective of different regions, highway plays an obvious role in promoting the tertiary industry in western China, while railway plays a positive role in promoting the industrial development in eastern and western China. From the perspective of control variables, the level of economic development, human capital and urbanization rate have a significant promotion effect on the tertiary industry, while a significant negative effect on the primary industry.