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Comparative analysis is a fundamental tool in biology. Comparative biolinguistics emphasizes that the foundations of cognition are shared between a wide range of species and provides insights into the nature of human speech, language, and social interaction by comparing the communication mechanisms of humans, animals, and hominins. This paper reviewed comparative biolinguistic studies in the modern population (between modern humans and hominins, and in model animals of vocal learning) to reveal the significance of comparative biology in the study of developmental language disorders and language evolution at the levels of genome, neurogenetics, and ethology.