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<i>Arlesminthurus</i> Bretfeld is a small genus of Neotropical Bourletiellidae, with only four described species so far. <i>Calvatomina</i> Yosii is a widespread taxon of Dicyrtomidae, with most species known from the tropics. Here, we describe two new species from northeastern Brazil: <i>Arlesminthurus caatinguensis</i> sp. nov. and <i>Calvatomina gladiata</i> sp. nov. We also provide a detailed chaetotaxic study for <i>Arlesminthurus</i> for the first time, with updated diagnoses and identification keys for the Neotropical species of both genera and notes on their morphology. <i>Arlesminthurus caatinguensis</i> sp. nov. resembles <i>A. aueti</i> Arlé in body color pattern, male head and dental chaetotaxy. The discovery of one bothriotrichum-like sens on the large abdomen of the new species needs to be investigated as a possible generic diagnostic feature, but we suggest that this structure is homologous to the S-sens seen in at least four Bourletiellinae genera, and they are likely related to each other. <i>Calvatomina gladiata</i> sp. nov. belongs to the <i>rufescens</i>-group and resembles <i>C. rufescens</i> Reuter and <i>C. guyanensis</i> Nayrolles and Betsch in some aspects of the head, dental and abdominal chaetotaxy. These descriptions represent the first record of <i>Arlesminthurus</i> from Caatinga and the first nominal species of <i>Calvatomina</i> from Brazil.