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In the paper, an image enhancement algorithm based on a rough set and fractional order differentiator is proposed. By combining the rough set theory with a Gaussian mixture model, a new image segmentation algorithm with higher immunity is obtained. This image segmentation algorithm can obtain more image layers with concentrating information and preserve more image details than traditional algorithms. After preprocessing, the segmentation layers will be enhanced by a new adaptive fractional order differential mask in the Fourier domain. Experimental results and numerical analysis have verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.