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The market demand for fresh sweet cherries in China has experienced continuous growth due to its rich nutritional value and unique taste. Nonetheless, the characteristics of fruits, transportation conditions and uneven distribution pose a huge obstacle in keeping high quality, especially in express logistics. This paper proposes dynamic monitoring and quality assessment system (DMQAS) to reduce the quality loss of sweet cherries in express logistics. The DMQAS was tested and evaluated in three typical express logistics scenarios with “Meizao” sweet cherries. The results showed that DMQAS could monitor the changes of critical micro-environmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity, O₂, CO₂ and C₂H₄) during the express logistics, and the freshness prediction model showed high accuracy (the relative error was controlled within 10%). The proposed DMQAS could provide complete and accurate microenvironment data and can be used to further improve the quality and safety management of sweet cherries during express logistics.