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Accurate Diels-Alder Energies and <i>Endo</i> Selectivity in Ionic Liquids Using the OPLS-VSIL Force Field
oleh: Caroline Velez, Brian Doherty, Orlando Acevedo
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2020-02-01 |
Deskripsi
Our recently developed optimized potentials for liquid simulations-virtual site ionic liquid (OPLS-VSIL) force field has been shown to provide accurate bulk phase properties and local ion-ion interactions for a wide variety of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The force field features a virtual site that offloads negative charge to inside the plane of the ring with careful attention given to hydrogen bonding interactions. In this study, the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate was computationally investigated in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM][PF<sub>6</sub>], as a basis for the validation of the OPLS-VSIL to properly reproduce a reaction medium environment. Mixed ab initio quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations coupled to free energy perturbation and Monte Carlo sampling (FEP/MC) that utilized M06-2X/6-31G(d) and OPLS-VSIL gave activation free energy barriers of 14.9 and 16.0 kcal/mol for the <i>endo-cis</i> and <i>exo-cis</i> Diels-Alder reaction pathways, respectively (exptl. Δ<i>H</i><sup>‡</sup> of 14.6 kcal/mol). The <i>endo</i> selectivity trend was correctly predicted with a calculated 73% <i>endo</i> preference. The rate and selectivity enhancements present in the <i>endo</i> conformation were found to arise from preferential hydrogen bonding with the exposed C4 ring hydrogen on the BMIM cation. Weaker electronic stabilization of the <i>exo</i> transition state was predicted. For comparison, our earlier ±0.8 charge-scaled OPLS-2009IL force field also yielded a Δ<i>G</i><sup>‡</sup> of 14.9 kcal/mol for the favorable <i>endo</i> reaction pathway but did not adequately capture the highly organized solvent interactions present between the cation and Diels-Alder transition state.