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This literature review outlines the current knowledge of the mechanisms of antitumor immunity and the role of one of the new classes of immunomodulators blocking immune regulatory molecules CTLA4, which soon could be used by oncology practitioners in Russia and has already been successfully used for the treatment of disseminated melanoma in Europe and the United States. Ipilimumab is the first drug, which represent the class registered on this indication in Europe and the United States. Fundamentally different mode of action from the cytostatic drugs mode of action is required to find another approach to assessing an objective response to treatment and special attention to the different, sometimes unexpected side effects of chemotherapy.