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α-Synuclein is present in Lewy bodies of patients with both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease. However, pathogenic mutations Ala30Pro and Ala53Thr in α-synuclein are rare causes of disease. Synphilin-1 has been demonstrated to associate with α-synuclein and promote the formation of cytosolic inclusions in vitro. Two-point genetic linkage analysis of a dinucleotide repeat within the synphilin-1 gene initially implicated this locus as a cause of Parkinson's disease in three of nine families. However, subsequent haplotype, sequencing, and association analyses in these three families and an independent case-control series suggest that variability within the locus does not confer susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.