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Obesity and its complications constitute a main threat to global human health. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the influences of <i>Clostridium tyrobutyricum</i> (Ct) on lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microbiome in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). After establishing the obesity model, 10⁷ CFU/mL and 10⁸ CFU/mL <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> were used to intervene in HFD-fed mice by gavage for six weeks, and indexes related to obesity were measured. In the liver of HFD-fed mice, the results revealed that <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> reduced liver weight and the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), along with decreasing red lipid droplets and fat vacuoles. After <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> intervention, the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was downregulated, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were upregulated in the liver. Additionally, <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> alleviated intestinal morphology injury caused by HFD, decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β in the colon, and upregulated tight junction protein expression. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> increases the diversity of intestinal microbiota. Overall, <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> improved HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders, preserved the intestinal barrier’s integrity, and modulated the structure of the intestinal microbiome. These findings provide a novel insight into the role of <i>C. tyrobutyricum</i> as a probiotic in regulating lipid metabolism.