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In West Africa, milk collection and transformation farms have taken on a new lease of life since the 1990s. The article aims at analyzing the reasons for this interest, and to measure its limits. Based on examples from Senegal and Mali in particular, the authors show that this apparent success may be all relative when checked at the national economy level. But this success is still today obvious at the social level, especially in terms of profitability to the initially targeted pastoral populations.