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Patients with chronic illnesses often require complicated care, characterized by frequent follow-ups, exacerbations, and alterations in treatment. Understandably, patient non-compliance is not an uncommon occurrence, and may significantly diminish the quality of health care received. This paper explores the current approaches to chronic illness management, including strategies to identify and reduce non-compliance, as well as the physician’s responsibilities in chronic illness management as guided by the CanMEDS roles. It also introduces a novel approach to the identification and management of non-compliance in patients with chronic illness: the Patient-System Interaction Model (PSIM).