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GATA transcription factors are crucial proteins in regulating transcription and are characterized by a type-IV zinc finger DNA-binding domain. They play a significant role in the growth and development of plants. While the <i>GATA</i> family gene has been identified in several plant species, it has not yet been reported in <i>Phoebe bournei</i>. In this study, 22 <i>GATA</i> family genes were identified from the <i>P. bournei</i> genome, and their physicochemical properties, chromosomal distribution, subcellular localization, phylogenetic tree, conserved motif, gene structure, cis-regulatory elements in promoters, and expression in plant tissues were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the <i>PbGATAs</i> were clearly divided into four subfamilies. They are unequally distributed across 11 out of 12 chromosomes, except chromosome 9. Promoter cis-elements are mostly involved in environmental stress and hormonal regulation. Further studies showed that <i>PbGATA11</i> was localized to chloroplasts and expressed in five tissues, including the root bark, root xylem, stem bark, stem xylem, and leaf, which means that <i>PbGATA11</i> may have a potential role in the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis. Finally, the expression profiles of four representative genes, <i>PbGATA5</i>, <i>PbGATA12</i>, <i>PbGATA16</i>, and <i>PbGATA22</i>, under drought, salinity, and temperature stress, were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that <i>PbGATA5</i>, <i>PbGATA22,</i> and <i>PbGATA16</i> were significantly expressed under drought stress. <i>PbGATA12</i> and <i>PbGATA22</i> were significantly expressed after 8 h of low-temperature stress at 10 °C. This study concludes that the growth and development of the <i>PbGATA</i> family gene in <i>P. bournei</i> in coping with adversity stress are crucial. This study provides new ideas for studying the evolution of GATAs, provides useful information for future functional analysis of <i>PbGATA</i> genes, and helps better understand the abiotic stress response of <i>P. bournei</i>.