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When diagnosing the weak fault of rolling bearing, the fault characteristic is difficult to be extracted because the fault signal has a small amplitude and is susceptible to noise. Aiming at this problem, a fault diagnosis method is proposed based on fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) and deep belief networks (DBN). The original fault signal is first transformed into the fractional domain, and the signal is filtered in this domain to extract the fault features. The characteristic signal is then input to the DBN, and the whole network is optimized to finally realized fault diagnosis by using the pre-training and the reverse propagation algorithm. The simulation results show that the method can effectively detect the weak fault of rolling bearing.