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An ethanol solution combustion process of ferric nitrate for preparing magnetic α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods was introduced. The influencing factors, including the solvent type and the calcination conditions, were discussed. Anhydrous ethanol was considered to be the most suitable solvent for the preparation of α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods, and the optimal calcination time was determined to be 2 h. By changing the calcination temperature, α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods with different phase compositions could be obtained, and the mechanism was explained in detail. The results indicated that the rapid combustion method could achieve the controlled preparation of α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods, which provided a general preparation approach for α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanomaterials.