Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements on Cationic Gold (I) Complexes in Catalytic Conditions: Counterion and Solvent Effects

oleh: Filippo Campagnolo, Eleonora Aneggi, Walter Baratta, Talha Munir, Daniele Zuccaccia

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2024-06-01

Deskripsi

The amount of free ions, ion pairs, and higher aggregate of the possible species present in a solution during the gold(I)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e., ISIP (inner sphere ion pair) [(NHC)AuX] and OSIP (outer sphere ion pairs) [(NHC)Au(TME)X] [NHC 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene; TME = tetramethylethylene (2,3-bis methyl-butene); X<sup>−</sup> = Cl<sup>−</sup>, BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, OTf<sup>−</sup>; and OTs<sup>−</sup> BArF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (ArF = 3,5-(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)], has been determined. The <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>19</sup>F DOSY NMR measurements conducted in catalytic conditions indicate that the dissociation degree (α) of the equilibrium ion pair/free ions {[(NHC)Au(TME)X] [(NHC)Au(TME)]<sup>+</sup> + X<sup>−</sup>} depends on the nature of the counterion (X<sup>−</sup>) when chloroform is the catalytic solvent: while the compounds containing OTs<sup>−</sup> and OTf<sup>−</sup> as the counterion gave a low α (which means a high number of ion pairs) of 0.13 and 0.24, respectively, the compounds containing BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> and BArF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> showed higher α values of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. These results experimentally confirm previous deductions based on catalytic and theoretical data: the lower the α value, the greater the catalytic activity because the anion that can activate methanol during a nucleophilic attack, although the lower propensity to activate methanol of BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> and BArF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, as suggested by the DFT calculations, cannot be completely overlooked. As for the effect of the solvent, α increases as the dielectric constant increases, as expected, and in particular, green solvents with high dielectric constants show a very high α (0.90, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.70 for propylene carbonate, γ-valerolactone, acetone, and methanol, respectively), thus confirming that the moderately high activity of NHC-Au-OTf in these solvents is due to the specific effect of polar functionalities (O-H, C=O, O-R) in activating methanol. Finally, the DOSY measurements conducted in p-Cymene show the formation of quadrupole species: under these conditions, the anion can better exercise its ‘template’ and ‘activating’ roles, giving the highest TOF.