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Five new compounds, including two cyclopiane diterpenes conidiogenones J and K (<b>1</b>–<b>2</b>), a steroid andrastin H (<b>5</b>), an alkaloid (<i>Z</i>)-4-(5-acetoxy-<i>N</i>-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enamido) butanoate (<b>6</b>), and an aliphatic acid (<i>Z</i>)-5-acetoxy-3-methylpent-2-enoic acid (<b>7</b>), together with ten known compounds (<b>3</b>–<b>4</b> and <b>8</b>–<b>15</b>) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fermentation broth of the <i>Lumnitzera littorea</i>-derived fungus <i>Penicillium oxalicum</i> HLLG-13. Their structures were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectral analyses. The absolute configurations of <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>5,</b> and <b>8</b> were determined by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and the absolute configuration of <b>8</b> was determined for the first time. Compound <b>15</b> was a new natural product, and its NMR data were reported for the first time. Compounds <b>5</b> and <b>9</b>–<b>14</b> exhibited antibacterial activities against <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i>, with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 25 μg/ mL. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>6</b> and <b>9</b>–<b>14</b> showed significant growth inhibition activities against newly hatched <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> Hubner larvae, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 50 to 200 μg/mL.