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Background: Primary immunodeficiency diseases are among rare genetic illnesses which are a part of the chronic somatic diseases and negatively effect parents and the other family members. The research question is that why some parents of this group of patients have difficulties to adjust to such an stressful situation, while others are easily adjusted. Aims: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of parental affective and cognitive characteristics in predicting levels of their adjustment to their children`s primary immunodeficiency disease. Method: In a correlational study 111 parents (68 mother, 43 father), whose children had been diagnosed with one of the primary immunodeficiency diseases types participated in this research. Participants completed the Adjustment to Illness Scale (AIS; 2001), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; 1988), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; 2006). Results: Both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as well as negative affects could significantly predict parent’s adjustment to their children's illness (p<.05). The findings did not support the significant relation between positive affect and parent’s adjustment. Conclusions: It can be concluded that cognitive characteristics have a determinate influence on parent’s adjustment to their children's illness.