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Highlights The electrode–electrolyte interface reactions (complete desolvation process and incomplete process), interphase design strategies, and advanced interphase analysis techniques for aqueous proton batteries are discussed and reviewed. Research progresses on pure phase aqueous electrolytes, hybrid aqueous electrolytes, non-aqueous electrolytes, and solid/quasi-solid electrolytes are summarized. Perspectives on both interphase and electrolytes are discussed which can direct researchers to rationally design new interphase and electrolytes for high-performance proton batteries in the future.