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There are reports, starting around 1930, of isolated cases of hyperglycemia amelioration following gastric surgery for cancer or peptic ulcer. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission was observed during the early postoperative period in patients with severe obesity who underwent bariatric (from the Greek, βάρος weight and ιατρικός medicine) surgery to lose weight. The unexpected finding of T2D remission after bariatric surgery opened the field of study of the digestive tract as a powerful endocrine organ able to regulate the appetite, the energy metabolism and glucose metabolism.