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Background: Transient bone marrow suppression, characterized by acute inability of the bone marrow toproduce circulating blood cells, may strongly relate to the pathogenesis of some viral infections.Objective: To study the prevalence of some DNA and RNA viruses in patients with transient bone marrowsuppression.Methods: EDTA-treated blood samples were collected from 27 patients with clinically- and laboratoryconfirmedtransient bone marrow suppression. The genomic DNA of hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, polyomavirusBK, and parvovirus B19, and genomic RNA of hepatitis C and G viruses were extracted andamplified by sensitive and specific in-house simple and nested PCR and RT-PCR protocols, respectively.The risk factors that might be related to the studied viral infections were analyzed.Results: Hepatitis B virus infection was diagnosed in 9 (33%) of 27 patients; adenovirus infection in 2(7%); and parvovirus B19 infection in 7 (26%) of 27 patients. The genomic DNA of polyomovirus BK wasnot detected in any patients. Both hepatitis C and G viruses were found in 3 (11%) of 27 patients.Conclusion: Diagnosis of the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus, and parvovirus B19 in patients with transientbone marrow suppression, reflects the importance of these viral infections in introducing bonemarrow suppression. This hypothesis should be confirmed in further studies.