Urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index among European children and adolescents in the HBM4EU Aligned Studies: A cross-sectional multi-country study
oleh: Anteneh Desalegn, Tessa Schillemans, Eleni Papadopoulou, Amrit K. Sakhi, Line S. Haug, Ida Henriette Caspersen, Andrea Rodriguez-Carrillo, Sylvie Remy, Greet Schoeters, Adrian Covaci, Michelle Laeremans, Mariana F Fernández, Susana Pedraza-Diaz, Tina Kold Jensen, Hanne Frederiksen, Agneta Åkesson, Bianca Cox, Shereen Cynthia D’Cruz, Loïc Rambaud, Margaux Riou, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, Antje Gerofke, Aline Murawski, Nina Vogel, Catherine Gabriel, Spyros Karakitsios, Nafsika Papaioannou, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis, Fabio Barbone, Valentina Rosolen, Sanna Lignell, Anna Karin Lindroos, Janja Snoj Tratnik, Anja Stajnko, Tina Kosjek, Žiga Tkalec, Lucia Fabelova, Lubica Palkovicova Murinova, Branislav Kolena, Sona Wimmerova, Tamás Szigeti, Szilvia Középesy, Annick van den Brand, Jan-Paul Zock, Beata Janasik, Wojciech Wasowicz, Annelies De Decker, Stefaan De Henauw, Eva Govarts, Nina Iszatt
| Format: | Article |
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| Diterbitkan: | Elsevier 2024-08-01 |
Deskripsi
Background: Phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment. Despite short half-lives, chronic exposure can lead to endocrine disruption. The safety of phthalate substitute DINCH is unclear. Objective: To evaluate associations between urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index (BMI) z-score among children and adolescents. Method: We used Human Biomonitoring for Europe Aligned Studies data from 2876 children (12 studies, 6–12 years, 2014–2021) and 2499 adolescents (10 studies, 12–18 years, 2014–2021) with up to 14 phthalate/DINCH urinary metabolites. We used multilevel linear regression to assess associations between phthalate/DINCH concentrations and BMI z-scores, testing effect modification by sex. In a subset, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation assessed important predictors and mixture effects. Results: In children, we found few associations in single pollutant models and no interactions by sex (p-interaction > 0.1). BKMR detected no relevant exposures (posterior inclusion probabilities, PIPs < 0.25), nor joint mixture effect. In adolescent single pollutant analysis, mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were associated with higher BMI z-score in males (β = 0.08, 95 % CI: 0.001,0.15, per interquartile range increase in ln-transformed concentrations, p-interaction = 0.06). Conversely, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) was associated with a lower BMI z-score in both sexes (β = -0.13, 95 % CI: −0.19, −0.07, p-interaction = 0.74), as was sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites in females only (β = -0.08, 95 % CI: −0.14, −0.02, p-interaction = 0.01). In BKMR, higher BMI z-scores were predicted by MEP (PIP=0.90) and MBzP (PIP=0.84) in males. Lower BMI z-scores were predicted by MiBP (PIP=0.999), OH-MIDP (PIP=0.88) and OH-MINCH (PIP=0.72) in both sexes, less robustly by DEHP (PIP=0.61) in females. In quantile g-computation, the overall mixture effect was null for males, and trended negative for females (β = -0.11, 95 % CI: −0.25, 0.03, per joint exposure quantile). Conclusion: In this large Europe-wide study, we found age/sex-specific differences between phthalate metabolites and BMI z-score, stronger in adolescents. Longitudinal studies with repeated phthalate measurements are needed.