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Highlights A novel optoelectronic synapse compatible with existing chip technology is demonstrated. This device excels in mimicking memory and learning functions using light, making it ideal for future neuromorphic computing in biomedicine. Our design surpasses previous models with its ability to switch between short-term and long-term memory states using light pulses. Experiments on real-world biomedical data (electroencephalogram, electromyography, electrocardiogram) showed significant improvement in classification accuracy. This highlights the device's potential for advanced physiological signal processing and wearable health monitoring systems.