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Soybean flour (SF)-based adhesives were prepared with either γ-amino, γ-glycidyl, or γ-methacryloyloxy-propyltrimethoxysilane (KH550, KH560, and KH570) silane coupling agents (SCAs) as an enhancer to explore the effect of SCA on the enhancement and mechanisms of the adhesive. Then, the shear adhesion, viscosity, solid content, and morphological properties of the modified SF adhesives were characterized in detail. The cross sections of the cured adhesives were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KH560 was the most efficient SCA for improving the water-resistant bonding strength of the modified SF adhesive. With the addition of 3 wt% KH560, the water-resistant bonding strength of the sample was maximized at 0.98 MPa, meeting the requirements for interior plywood. The SEM revealed few holes and cracks, as well as a smooth surface, on the cross section of the cured KH560-modified SF adhesive, indicating that KH560 is a crosslinking agent that could enhance the water-resistant bonding strength of the resulting plywood. In the hot press process, the effects of hot press time and temperature on the water-resistant bonding strength of the adhesives were not significant.