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<p>Atmospheric methane concentration shows a well-known decrease over the first half of the Holocene following the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation before it started to increase again to preindustrial values. There is a debate about what caused this change in the methane concentration evolution, in particular, whether an early anthropogenic influence or natural emissions led to the reversal of the atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> concentration evolution. Here, we present new methane concentration and stable hydrogen and carbon isotope data measured on ice core samples from both Greenland and Antarctica over the Holocene. With the help of a two-box model and the full suite of <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> parameters, the new data allow us to quantify the total methane emissions in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere separately as well as their stable isotopic signatures, while interpretation of isotopic records of only one hemisphere may lead to erroneous conclusions. For the first half of the Holocene our results indicate an asynchronous decrease in Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> emissions by more than 30&thinsp;Tg&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span>&thinsp;yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> in total, accompanied by a drop in the northern carbon isotopic source signature of about <span class="inline-formula">−3</span>&thinsp;‰. This cannot be explained by a change in the source mix alone but requires shifts in the isotopic signature of the sources themselves caused by changes in the precursor material for the methane production. In the second half of the Holocene, global <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> emissions increased by about 30&thinsp;Tg&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span>&thinsp;yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>, while preindustrial isotopic emission signatures remained more or less constant. However, our results show that this early increase in methane emissions took place in the Southern Hemisphere, while Northern Hemisphere emissions started to increase only about 2000 years ago. Accordingly, natural emissions in the southern tropics appear to be the main cause of the <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> increase starting 5000 years before present, not supporting an early anthropogenic influence on the global methane budget by East Asian land use changes.</p>