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This paper illustrates two species in the lichen-forming family Arthoniaceae from southern China, including a new species of <i>Herpothallon</i>, <i>H. fibrosum</i> L.L. Liu & Lu L. Zhang and a new record of <i>Cryptothecia</i>, <i>C. striata</i> G. Thor for China. <i>Herpothallon fibrosum</i> has fluffy, cylindrical pseudoisidia, like a bundle of fiber, and psoromic acid and confluentic acid are present. Furthermore, the new record of <i>Cryptothecia striata</i> has been identified by morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular studies. The systematic position of the two species was clarified by the molecular sequence data from the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU). Detailed taxonomic descriptions, chemical characters, comparisons, and discussion of the characteristics of similar species are provided for the two species; the relationship between <i>Cryptothecia</i> and <i>Herpothallon</i> is also discussed here.