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The genus <i>Harpalus</i>, Latreille, 1802, is the largest ground beetle genus of the tribe Harpalini and one of the most diverse genera of Carabidae (more than 400 described species). The definition and taxonomic boundaries of the genus, as well as previously proposed classifications, all based on regional faunas, are briefly reviewed in this paper from a historical perspective. The classification of the genus <i>Harpalus</i> proposed herein is based, for the first time, on a comparative morphological study of the world fauna and covers all the described species. The genus is divided into seventy subgenera combined into nineteen subgroups and ten groups; thirty-six subgenera are newly described: <i>Afroharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus fulvicornis</i> Thunberg, 1806), <i>Hyloharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus laevipes</i> Zetterstedt, 1828), <i>Sinoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus puetzi</i> Kataev et Wrase, 1997), <i>Macroharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Erpeinus major</i> Motschulsky, 1850), <i>Meroharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus fulvilabris</i> Mannerheim, 1853), <i>Ameroharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus spadiceus</i> Dejean, 1829), <i>Drymoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus atratus</i> Latreille, 1804), <i>Caucasoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Omaseus aeneipennis</i> Faldermann, 1836), <i>Calathoderus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus potanini</i> Tschitschérine, 1906), <i>Isoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Carabus serripes</i> Quensel, 1806), <i>Psammoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus kozlovi</i> Kataev), 1993, <i>Platyharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus ventralis</i> LeConte, 1848), <i>Asioharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus nigrans</i> Morawitz, 1862), <i>Anamblystus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Carabus latus</i> Linnaeus, 1758), <i>Homaloharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Carabus tardus</i> Panzer, 1796), <i>Bactroharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus cautus</i> Dejean, 1829), <i>Diaharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus vittatus</i> Gebler, 1833), <i>Mesoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus gisellae</i> Csiki, 1932), <i>Eremoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus remboides</i> Solsky, 1874) <i>Oreoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus famelicus</i> Tschitschérine, 1898), <i>Hypsoharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus arnoldii</i> Kataev, 1988), <i>Anophonus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Ophonus cyanopterus</i> Tschitschérine, 1897), <i>Haloharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus salinulus</i> Reitter, 1900), <i>Megaharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus stoetznerianus</i> Schauberger, 1932), <i>Aristoharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus ingenuus</i> Tschitschérine, 1898), <i>Cycloharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus pulvinatus</i> Ménétries, 1848), <i>Euryharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus cisteloides</i> Motschulsky, 1844), <i>Brachyharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Carabus autumnalis</i> Duftschmid, 1812), <i>Hemipangus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus klapperichi</i> Jedlička, 1955), <i>Mauriharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus cardoni</i> Antoine, 1922), <i>Caloharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus cupreus</i> Dejean, 1829), <i>Baryharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Carabus dimidiatus</i> Rossi, 1790), <i>Heteroharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus metallinus</i> Ménétries, 1839), <i>Idioharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus numidicus</i> Bedel, 1893), <i>Pachyharpalus</i><b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus crates</i> Bates, 1883) and <i>Paraharpalus</i> <b>subg. n.</b> (type species <i>Harpalus oblitus</i> Dejean, 1829). A detailed morphological description of the genus, diagnoses, composition and distribution of all supraspecific taxa with brief biotopic notes are given.