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Objective To assess the prevalence, associated factors and cardiocerebral vascular prognosis of anaemia in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Methods This multicentre, retrospective, observational cohort study included patients on maintenance haemodialysis in South Guangdong, China. Anaemia in haemodialysis was defined as haemoglobin (Hb) <90 g/l. A proportion of patients were enrolled in a follow-up of the cardiocerebral vascular prognosis. Results A total of 1161 patients were enrolled and 938 were followed-up for cardiocerebral vascular events. Of 1161 patients, 250 (21.5%) had anaemia and 524 (45.1%) had an Hb level of 100–120 g/l. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that frequency of dialysis ≤ twice weekly, hypoalbuminaemia and use of unfractionated heparin were independent factors associated with anaemia. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis for no myocardial infarction was 100%, 100%, 100% and 100% after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively, in patients with Hb < 90 g/l; compared with 97%, 95%, 93% and 93%, respectively, in patients with Hb ≥ 130 g/l. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrated that Hb ≥ 130 g/l was an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Conclusion Anaemia is highly prevalent among patients undergoing haemodialysis in South Guangdong and requires careful management.