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Highly depleted peridotites from the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean have been studied for Re-Os elements and Re-Os isotopes. These peridotites have a low Re−Os content and variable ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (0.12043−0.14867). The highest ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio is far higher than that of the primitive upper mantle and the lowest ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio is comparable to the most unradiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio (0.11933) discovered in subduction zone peridotites. The suprachondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the Yap Trench peridotites results from modification of the mantle wedge by slab-derived fluid and melt. This is consistent with the observation that high ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios generally occur in oceanic peridotites with low Os content (<2 ppb) since Os may be reduced during late processes such as fluid alteration and melt refertilization. The sub-chondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the Yap Trench peridotites correspond to a Re depletion age of 0.24−1.16 billion years, which means that these peridotites represent old mantle residue of ancient melting events. This ancient melting, combined with probable back-arc melting and forearc melting during subduction initiation, indicates that the Yap Trench mantle has a complex evolutionary history. The amount of old mantle residue in the oceanic asthenosphere was underestimated because the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio in mantle peridotites is elevated during late processes. Therefore, old depleted mantle fragments may contribute substantially to the chemical heterogeneity of the oceanic mantle.