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The state of the air of two major cities, which are the important economic centers and transport junctions (St. Petersburg and Rostov-on-Don), and the factors influencing it were considered. The assessment of the risk of non-carcinogenic effects on health of urban population, associated with air pollution was reviewed. The data about the elemental composition of the urban population were analyzed. As a result an association between air pollution and accumulation of toxic elements in the human body was discovered.