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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases associated with chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, and is highly prevalent worldwide. Although its origin is not yet fully understood, new evidence emphasizes that environmental factors, especially dietary factors and intestinal microbiota disorders are key triggers of IBD. Probiotics, such as <i>Lactobacillaceae</i> spp., play an essential role in human health as they exert beneficial effects on the composition of the human gastrointestinal microbial community and immune system. Probiotic-based therapies have been shown to be effective in alleviating IBD. Among these, <i>Lactobacillaceae rhamnosus</i> is one of the most widely used strains. <i>L. rhamnosus</i> is widely present in the intestines of healthy individuals; it regulates the intestinal immune system and reduces inflammation through a variety of mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to identify scientific evidence related to <i>L. rhamnosus</i> and IBD, review and summarize the results, and discuss the possible mechanisms of action as a starting point for future research on IBD treatment.