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In order to study the changes in invasive plant population characteristics under different nutrient addition treatments, this study used the native invasive species <i>Pedicularis kansuensis</i>, which is spreading in the Bayabulak alpine grassland, as the research object and conducted two consecutive years of field studies in which nutrients were added to plots. Changes in the <i>P. kansuensis</i> population’s invasive characteristics were monitored in 2020 and 2021 in four different nutrient-addition treatments, namely no-nutrients (control), low-nitrogen, high-nitrogen, and phosphorus treatments. The result showed that (1) nutrient addition had significant effects on <i>P. kansuensis</i> height and root/shoot ratio (<i>p</i> < 0.05); the time effect had significant effects on <i>P. kansuensis</i> height, coverage, abundance, aboveground biomass, and belowground biomass (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and the interaction between nutrient addition and time had a significant effect on <i>P. kansuensis</i> height (<i>p</i> < 0.01). (2) Nitrogen addition effectively inhibited the growth and the development of <i>P. kansuensis</i>, especially under high-nitrogen conditions in the second growing season, where the effect of height (2.50 cm), coverage (0.13%), richness (3 strains), aboveground biomass (0.21 g m⁻²), and belowground biomass (0.03 g m⁻²) was significant, with the <i>P. kansuensis</i> population almost disappearing by the end of the trial. (3) Phosphorus addition had no significant effect on the <i>P. kansuensis</i> population’s invasive characteristics. These results indicate that higher nitrogen addition could effectively slow the invasion of the <i>P. kansuensis</i> population, and the findings of this study could provide certain baseline data and scientific guidance for the effective control of the <i>P. kansuensis</i> invasion of the Bayabulak alpine grassland in the future as well as identify certain theoretical bases for the effect of nutrient addition on invasive plants overall.