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Phenotypic differentiation of <i>Abies alba</i> was identified among selected provenances originating from the northern edge of this species’ natural geographic range. We posited that although the seed sources of the study populations were not geographically distant, progenies would differ with respect to growth, needle pigment concentration, and values of photochemical parameters in response to contrasting light conditions. Potted seedlings of six provenances were grown for two seasons under low light (<i>LL</i>, 40% of full irradiance) or high light (<i>HL</i>, 100% of full irradiance). The results showed that the provenances differed in diameter at root collar (<i>DRC</i>) and in relative growth rates of height (<i>RGR</i>). Seedlings grown in full light had a greater mean value of <i>DRC</i> than those in <i>LL</i>. <i>LL</i> increased total needle chlorophyll (<i>Chl_tot</i>) and carotenoid concentrations compared with <i>HL</i>, and <i>Chl_tot</i> was modified by the provenance of the seedlings. The provenance “Syców”, localized at the northern limit of the species range, showed the lowest value of maximal electron transfer rate (<i>ETR_max</i>) and lower values of growth parameters compared with the other study provenances. Relative growth rate, <i>Chl_tot</i>, and non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (<i>NPQ</i>) were correlated with some climatic characteristics of seed stands and formed clusters indicating the local adaptation of the study populations. These results provide evidence of low intraspecific <i>A. alba</i> differentiation in terms of growth dynamics, photochemical capacity, and tolerance to different light regimes. The intraspecific diversity found in our study among the northern lead populations could be, however, important for the natural expansion of this species further north and for the selection of provenances to be used in the programme of the <i>A. alba</i> restoration in the Sudety Mountains, southern Poland, where decline of this species has been observed.