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This study assessed the relationship between dietary habits and diabetes mellitus prevalence in Serbia. The consumption of dairy products (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03–1.30; <i>p</i> = 0.017) and fruits (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.19–1.44; <i>p</i> < 0.001) was associated with diabetes mellitus in males, whereas the consumption of margarine still reached statistical significance (OR = 5.33, 95% CI = 1.00–28.72; <i>p</i> = 0.050). The use of margarine (OR = 4.69, 95% CI = 1.35–16.32; <i>p</i> = 0.015) and lard (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.10–5.12; <i>p</i> = 0.027) was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus in females. A lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus in females was associated with bread consumption, pertaining to half-white bread (<i>p</i> = 0.027) and integral bread (<i>p</i> = 0.011).