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Chemical characterization and sources of submicron aerosols in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: insights from high-resolution mass spectrometry
oleh: X. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Xu, S. Kang, Q. Zhang, J. Sun
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | Copernicus Publications 2019-06-01 |
Deskripsi
<p>An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed along with other online instruments to study the highly time resolved chemistry and sources of submicron aerosols (PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span>) at Waliguan (WLG) Baseline Observatory, a high-altitude (3816 m a.s.l.) background station located at the northeast edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), during 1–31 July 2017. The average PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> mass concentration during this study was 9.1 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> (ranging from 0.3 to 28.1 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>), which was distinctly higher than those (2.0–5.7 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>) measured with the Aerodyne AMS at other high-elevation sites in the southern or central QTP. Sulfate showed a dominant contribution (38.1 %) to PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> at WLG followed by organics (34.5 %), ammonium (15.2 %), nitrate (8.1 %), BC (3.0 %) and chloride (1.1 %). Accordingly, bulk aerosols appeared to be slightly acidic throughout this study, mainly related to the enhanced sulfate contribution. All chemical species peaked at the accumulation mode, indicating the well-mixed and highly aged aerosol particles at WLG from long-range transport. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) on the high-resolution organic mass spectra resolved four distinct organic aerosol (OA) components, including a traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), a relatively fresh biomass burning OA (BBOA), an aged biomass burning OA (agBBOA) and a more-oxidized oxygenated OA (OOA). On average, the two relatively oxidized OAs, OOA and agBBOA, contributed 34.4 % and 40.4 % of organics, respectively, while the rest were 18.4 % for BBOA and 6.8 % for HOA. Source analysis for air masses showed that higher mass concentrations of PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> and enhanced contributions of sulfate and biomass-burning-related OA components (agBBOA <span class="inline-formula">+</span> BBOA) were from the northeast of the WLG with shorter transport distance, whereas lower PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>1</sub></span> mass concentrations with enhanced OOA contribution were from the west after long-range transport, suggesting their distinct aerosol sources and significant impacts of regional transport on aerosol mass loadings and chemistry at WLG.</p>