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The taxonomic placements of <i>Chaenomeles</i> Lindl. (Rosaceae) and their intrageneric species have long been controversial. This research aims to explore the palynomorphological characters of all <i>Chaenomeles</i> extant species in detail and to compare the results with phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic classification scheme. The pollen morphology of 30 individuals of six taxa of <i>Chaenomeles</i> was investigated using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pollens were measured, observed and statistically analyzed for 12 quantitative features and 2 qualitative ones. The study revealed that the <i>Chaenomeles</i> pollens are monad, tri-colporate, medium in size (<i>P</i> = 32.78–42.74 μm, <i>E</i> = 30.42–36.31 μm) and prolatespheroidal to subprolate in shape (<i>P/E</i> = 0.98–1.35). Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, two sexine sculpture types (type I—striate with microperforations, type II—striate with macroperforations) and two subtypes (twisted-striate, reticulate-striate) were recognized in the genus. Statistical analysis identified some pollen characteristics with diagnostic importance, including pollen shape, colpus dimension, length or direction of striae and diameter of perforation. These characteristics may have diagnostic and taxonomic value for the genus <i>Chaenomeles</i> and the family Rosaceae. An artificial key to studied species, based on pollen micromorphological attributes, is also provided. The obtained result was basically consistent with that of molecular studies published earlier. This study, for the first time, provides palynological evidence for the hybrid origin hypothesis of <i>C. sinensis</i> and supports the placement of this species in the monotypic genus <i>Pseudocydonia</i>.