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Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Flexible Scaffold as Bitopic Ligands for Potent D<sub>3</sub>-Selective Antagonists
oleh: Ho Young Kim, Ji Youn Lee, Chia-Ju Hsieh, Michelle Taylor, Robert R. Luedtke, Robert H. Mach
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2022-12-01 |
Deskripsi
Previous studies have confirmed that the binding of D<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists is competitively inhibited by endogenous dopamine despite excellent binding affinity for D<sub>3</sub> receptors. This result urges the development of an alternative scaffold that is capable of competing with dopamine for binding to the D<sub>3</sub> receptor. Herein, an SAR study was conducted on metoclopramide that incorporated a flexible scaffold for interaction with the secondary binding site of the D<sub>3</sub> receptor. The alteration of benzamide substituents and secondary binding fragments with aryl carboxamides resulted in excellent D<sub>3</sub> receptor affinities (<i>K</i>i = 0.8–13.2 nM) with subtype selectivity to the D<sub>2</sub> receptor ranging from 22- to 180-fold. The β-arrestin recruitment assay revealed that <b>21c</b> with 4-(pyridine-4-yl)benzamide can compete well against dopamine with the highest potency (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.3 nM). Computational studies demonstrated that the high potency of <b>21c</b> and its analogs was the result of interactions with the secondary binding site of the D<sub>3</sub> receptor. These compounds also displayed minimal effects for other GPCRs except moderate affinity for 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors and TSPO. The results of this study revealed that a new class of selective D<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists should be useful in behavioral pharmacology studies and as lead compounds for PET radiotracer development.