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<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) inhibits host oxidative stress responses facilitating its survival in macrophages; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified a <i>Mtb</i> acetyltransferase (Rv3034c) as a novel counter actor of macrophage oxidative stress responses by inducing peroxisome formation. An inducible <i>Rv3034c</i> deletion mutant of <i>Mtb</i> failed to induce peroxisome biogenesis, expression of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway intermediates (ACOX1, ACAA1, MFP2) in macrophages, resulting in reduced intracellular survival compared to the parental strain. This reduced virulence phenotype was rescued by repletion of <i>Rv3034c</i>. Peroxisome induction depended on the interaction between Rv3034c and the macrophage mannose receptor (MR). Interaction between Rv3034c and MR induced expression of the peroxisomal biogenesis proteins PEX5p, PEX13p, PEX14p, PEX11β, PEX19p, the peroxisomal membrane lipid transporter ABCD3, and catalase. Expression of PEX14p and ABCD3 was also enhanced in lungs from <i>Mtb</i> aerosol-infected mice. This is the first report that peroxisome-mediated control of ROS balance is essential for innate immune responses to <i>Mtb</i> but can be counteracted by the mycobacterial acetyltransferase <i>Rv3034c</i>. Thus, peroxisomes represent interesting targets for host-directed therapeutics to tuberculosis.