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The use of plentiful and renewable feedstock for producing chemicals is fundamental for the development of sustainable chemical processes. Using fish scale as a biobased carrier, a novel biochar SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-FFS heterogeneous chemocatalyst was prepared to catalyze furfural production from xylose-rich corncob-hydrolysates obtained from acid hydrolysis of corncob in a deep eutectic solvent (DES)–water system. By characterizing the physical as well as chemical properties of SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-FFS by NH₃-TPD, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, and SEM, it was shown that the chemocatalyst had Lewis/Brönsted acid centers, and its surface roughness could be well expanded to contact substrates. The corncob was initially hydrolyzed at 140 °C to obtain xylose-rich hydrolysate. Subsequently, SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-FFS (3.6 wt.%) was used to catalyze the corn cob hydrolysate containing <i>D</i>-xylose (20.0 g/L) at a reaction temperature of 170 °C for 15 min. Additionally, ZnCl₂ (20.0 g/L) was added. Ultimately, furfural (93.8 mM, 70.5% yield) was produced in the deep eutectic solvent ChCl:maleic acid–water (DES_MLA–water = 10:90, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). A synergistic catalytic mechanism for transforming xylose-rich corncob-hydrolysate into furfural and byproducts were proposed using SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-FFS as a chemocatalyst in DES_MLA–water containing ZnCl₂. Consequently, the efficient use of biochar SO₄²⁻/SnO₂-FFS chemocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of biobased furan compounds from biomass holds great promise in the future.